Development of undergraduate students' diagnostic accuracy for the classification of molar incisor hypomineralization.

INTRODUCTION: One of the major difficulties with respect to molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is its classification and differentiation from other enamel development defects (EDDs). The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy in dental students to classify MIH as well as its differentiation from other EDDs by combining conventional theoretical classes and e-learning-assisted pre-clinical practices. METHODS: In this one-group pre-test and post-test study, 59 second-year students assessed 115 validated photographs using the MIH Index on the Moodle learning platform. This index assesses the clinical features and extent of MIH, differentiating it from other EDDs. Students received automatic feedback after the pre-test. Two weeks later, students re-evaluated the same photographs. Both pairwise accuracy and overall diagnostic accuracy were estimated and compared for pre- and post-testing, with the area under the curve AUC, along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The lowest diagnostic accuracy was for the ability to discriminate between white or cream-coloured demarcated opacities and hypomineralization-type defect that is not MIH. The overall pre-test accuracy was AUC = 0.83 and increased significantly post-test to AUC = 0.99 (p < .001). The overall accuracy to discriminate the extent of the lesion also increased significantly post-test (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Diagnostic skills to classify MIH can be developed by combining conventional theoretical classes and e-learning-assisted pre-clinical practices.

Characterization of enamel developmental defects in patients with orofacial clefts and their relationship to surgical procedures.

AIMS: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of development defects of enamel (DDE) in patients with cleft based on the cleft phenotype and explore the relationship between surgical procedures and different types of DDE. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 290 standardized orthodontic documentation and medical records from a reference hospital were evaluated, which treated patients with: cleft lip (CL), cleft lip with alveolar bone involvement (CLa), cleft lip and palate (CLP), cleft palate (CP), cleft median (CM), and considering laterality as unilateral or bilateral. DDE was assessed using the Ghanim Index (2015). Information on surgical intervention periods was obtained from medical records. Statistical analyses were performed using prevalence ratio (PR) for DDE comparisons between cleft phenotypes and surgical procedures. RESULTS: The prevalence of DDE was 77.2%. Demarcated hypomineralization was associated with CP and CLP, while hypoplasia was associated with CLa, especially when bilateral. Hypoplasia was also associated with the labial adhesion surgery. CONCLUSION: Demarcated hypomineralization was the most common DDE in this population, and the cleft phenotype influenced the type of DDE manifested. The lip adhesion surgery increased the chances of hypoplasia manifestation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The type of DDE in patients with cleft depends on the cleft phenotype. Understanding this susceptibility enables the multidisciplinary team to monitor dental development, thus allowing early diagnosis and timely referral to the pediatric dentist and better prognoses.

In Vitro and In Silico Antiviral Activity of Di-Halogenated Compounds Derived from L-Tyrosine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1).

HIV-1 infection is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide. Due to the limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the associated side effects, and the resistance that the virus can generate, it has become necessary to continue the development of new antiviral agents. The study aimed to identify potential antiviral agents for HIV-1 by evaluating the in vitro and in silico activity of 16 synthetic di-halogenated compounds derived from L-Tyrosine. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, which was determined using MTT, and a combined antiviral screening strategy (pre- and post-infection treatment) was performed against R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1. The most promising compounds were evaluated against a pseudotyped virus (HIV-GFP-VSV-G), and the effectiveness of these compounds was measured through GFP flow cytometry. Also, the antiviral effect of these compounds was evaluated in PBMCs using flow cytometry and ELISA for p24. The TODB-2M, TODC-2M, TODC-3M, and YDC-3M compounds showed low toxicity and significant inhibitory activity against HIV-1. In silico docking and molecular dynamics assays suggest that the compounds' antiviral activity may be due to interaction with reverse transcriptase, viral protease, or envelope gp120.

Restauraciones indirectas para el manejo de la Hipomineralización de Molares e Incisivos: un abordaje conservador / Restaurações indiretas para o tratamento da hipomineralização de molares e incisivos: uma abordagem conservadora / Indirect restorations for the management of hypomineralization of molars and incisors: a conservative approach

Introducción: Técnicas adhesivas contemporáneas permiten la rehabilitación conservadora y estética de dientes afectados por caries dental, trauma dentoalveolar y defectos del desarrollo del esmalte. Para el tratamiento restaurador de la hipomineralización de molares e incisivos (HMI) se ha recomendado el uso de restauraciones indirectas. Reporte de caso: Paciente sintomático de sexo femenino, 8 años, portadora de HMI severa y comportamiento levemente negativo. Los dientes 16, 36 y 46 presentaban opacidades demarcadas asociadas a dolor provocado. El tratamiento se enfocó en educar a la familia con respecto a la HMI, orientar el comportamiento, controlar la sintomatología y restaurar la función y estética de los dientes afectados por la HMI. Debido a la extensión, severidad y localización de los defectos en los dientes 16, 36 y 46, se optó por realizar restauraciones indirectas con resina compuesta. Luego de 12 meses la paciente presentaba comportamiento definitivamente positivo, no relataba sintomatología dolorosa, las restauraciones estaban sin cambio de color, bien adaptadas, con buena salud gingival y con adecuada anatomía oclusal, lisas y sin signos de lesiones de caries dental. Conclusión: En este caso de HMI severa, la restauración con resina indirecta fue una estrategia estética, conservadora, viable y efectiva durante un periodo de seguimiento de 12 meses.

Introdução: As técnicas adesivas atuais permitem a reabilitação conservadora e estética de dentes acometidos por cáries, traumas dentoalveolares e defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte. Para o tratamento restaurador da hipomineralização de molares e incisivos (HMI), o uso de restaurações indiretas tem sido recomendado. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, sintomática, 8 anos, com HMI severa e comportamento levemente negativo. Os dentes 16, 36 e 46 apresentaram opacidades acentuadas associadas à dor provocada. O tratamento teve como foco a educação da família sobre a HMI, orientando o comportamento, controlando os sintomas e restaurando a função e a estética dos dentes afetados pela HMI. Devido à extensão, severidade e localização dos defeitos nos dentes 16, 36 e 46, optou-se pela realização de restaurações indiretas com resina composta. Após 12 meses, a paciente apresentou um comportamento definitivamente positivo, não relatou sintomatologia dolorosa, as restaurações estavam sem alteração de cor, bem adaptadas, com boa saúde gengival e anatomia oclusal adequada, lisas e sem sinais de lesões de cárie. Conclusão: Neste caso de MHI severa, a restauração indireta em resina foi uma estratégia estética, conservadora, viável e eficaz com um período de acompanhamento de 12 meses.

Introduction: Contemporary adhesive techniques allow the conservative and aesthetic rehabilitation of teeth affected by dental caries, dentoalveolar trauma, and enamel development defects. For the restorative treatment of hypomineralization of molars and incisors (HMI), indirect restorations have been recommended. Case report: Symptomatic female patient, 8 years old, with severe HMI and slightly negative behavior. Teeth 16, 36, and 46 presented marked opacities associated with provoked pain. The treatment focused on educating the family regarding the HMI, guiding behavior, controlling the symptoms, and restoring the function and aesthetics of the teeth affected by the HMI. Due to the extension, severity, and location of the defects in teeth 16, 36, and 46, it was decided to perform indirect restorations with composite resin. After 12 months, the patient presented definitively positive behavior, and did not report painful symptoms, the restorations were without color change, well adapted, with good gingival health and adequate occlusal anatomy, smooth and without signs of dental caries lesions. Conclusion: In this case of severe MHI, indirect resin restoration was an esthetic, conservative, viable, and effective strategy during a 12-month follow-up period

Técnica LSTR con pasta CTZ para el tratamiento de la necrosis pulpar en molares primarios. Reporte de caso / Técnica LSTR com pasta CTZ para o tratamento de necrose pulpar em molares decíduos. Relato de caso / LSTR technique with CTZ paste for the treatment of pulp necrosis in deciduous molars. Case report

Introducción: El objetivo principal de la terapia pulpar es mantener la integridad y salud de los dientes y sus estructuras de soporte. En odontopediatría, el tratamiento de molares primarios diagnosticados con pulpitis irreversible o necrosis pulpar representa uno de los grandes desafíos en la práctica clínica debido a la complejidad de la anatomía radicular, tiempo de trabajo y dificultad para la correcta instrumentación. La técnica "Lesion Sterilization Tissue Repair" (LSTR) busca esterilizar la lesión y reparar tejidos por medio del uso de pastas antibióticas sin la necesidad de instrumentar los canales radiculares. Reporte de caso: Paciente femenina de 9 años que asiste a la consulta odontológica asintomática. En el examen clínico el diente segundo molar primario lado mandibular izquierdo (diente #75) presenta lesión activa y cavitada de caries dental, absceso y movilidad grado I. En la radiografía periapical presenta área radiolúcida en la región de la furca, sugiriendo el diagnóstico de necrosis pulpar. Para el tratamiento pulpar se optó por realizar la técnica LSTR con la pasta CTZ, compuesta por cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, óxido de zinc y eugenol. Posteriormente, el molar fue restaurado con una corona de acero inoxidable. Después de 8 meses, el diente se encuentra asintomático, con la restauración satisfactoria, movilidad fisiológica e integridad gingival; radiográficamente hay ausencia de radiolucidez en la región de la furca y reabsorción ósea patológica. Conclusión: el tratamiento endodóntico en el molar primario con necrosis pulpar utilizando la técnica LSTR con la pasta CTZ presentó excelentes resultados clínicos y radiográficos

Introdução. O objetivo principal da terapia pulpar é manter a integridade e saúde dos dentes e de suas estruturas de suporte. Na odontopediatria, o tratamento de molares decíduos diagnosticados com pulpites irreversíveis ou necrose pulpar representa um grande desafio na prática clínica devido à complexidade da anatomia radicular, tempo de trabalho e dificuldade para uma correta instrumentação. A técnica "Lesión Sterilization Tissue Repair" (LSTR) busca esterilizar a lesão e reparar tecidos através de pastas antibióticas sem a necessidade da instrumentação dos canais radiculares. Relato de caso. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, 09 anos, assintomática e em acompanhamento na clínica odontológica, foi atendida com uma lesão ativa e cavitada de cárie no dente 75. O dente apresentava abscesso e mobilidade grau I. A radiografia periapical mostrou uma área radiolúcida na região de furca, sugerindo o diagnóstico de necrose pulpar. Para o tratamento pulpar, optou-se pela técnica LSTR com a pasta CTZ, composta por cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, óxido de zinco e eugenol. Posteriormente, o molar decíduo foi restaurado com coroa de aço. Após 8 meses, o dente encontra-se assintomático, com restauração satisfatória, mobilidade fisiológica e integridade gengival. Radiograficamente, há ausência de radiolucidez na região de furca e reabsorção óssea patológica. Conclusão. O tratamento endodôntico em molar decíduo com necrose pulpar utilizando a técnica LSTR com a pasta CTZ apresentou excelentes resultados clínicos e radiográficos

Introduction. The main goal of pulp therapy is to maintain the integrity and health of teeth and their supporting structures. In pediatric dentistry, the treatment of primary molars diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis is one of the great challenges in clinical practice due to the complexity of root anatomy, working time, and difficulty for correct instrumentation. The "Lesion Sterilization Tissue Repair" (LSTR) technique aims to sterilize the lesion and repair tissues through the use of antibiotic pastes without the need to instrument the root canals. Case report. A 9-year-old female patient attends the dental clinic asymptomatically. In the clinical examination, the second primary mandibular molar on the left side (tooth #75) presents an active and cavitated dental caries lesion, abscess, and grade I mobility. On the periapical radiograph, it presents a radiolucent area in the furcation region, suggesting the diagnosis of pulp necrosis. For pulp treatment, the LSTR technique with CTZ paste was chosen, composed of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, zinc oxide and eugenol. Subsequently, the molar was restored with a stainless steel crown. After 8 months, the tooth is asymptomatic, with satisfactory restoration, physiological mobility, and gingival integrity; radiographically there is no radiolucency in the furcation region and pathological bone resorption. Conclusion. The endodontic treatment in the primary molar with pulp necrosis using the LSTR technique with CTZ paste presented excellent clinical and radiographic results

Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence Comparative Study in 6 Years of Interval.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence evolution rate of MIH (molar-incisor hypomineralization) after a 6-year period in Araraquara/SP, Brazil. This population-based study evaluated MIH in 545 schoolchildren (6-12 years of age) and other associated alterations, dental caries and dental fluorosis (DF). A semistructured questionnaire was sent to the schoolchildren's parents/guardians with the purpose of identifying the socioeconomic profile. Associations between MIH and the clinical characteristics were analyzed by the Poisson analysis of regression with robust variance, estimating the RPc (crude prevalence ratio) with CI 95%. The level of significance of 5% was adopted. The MIH prevalence in Araraquara/SP in 2016 was 14.3% (n = 78), and at this time, an increase of 2% was observed, in comparison with the data of the first prevalence study conducted in 2010 (12.3%). The mild degree compromise was the most prevalent diagnosis in the affected teeth (82.0%). Among children with MIH, the mean number of affected teeth was 2.78. Of the total number of children with MIH, 32.0% presented alterations in both first permanent molars and permanent incisors. There is no significant association between MIH and dental caries experience on permanent dentition (PRc = 1.141; CI 95% 0.709-1.835) or on primary dentition (PR c = 1.132; CI 95% 0.749-1.709). Children with MIH presented significantly less prevalence of dental fluorosis (PR c = 0.505; CI 95% 0.268-0.950). There is no association between MIH and monthly Brazilian minimal wage income (PR c = 1.130; CI 95% 0.655-1.949). It was concluded that the number of MIH cases had increased, revealing a greater need for defining the etiological factors and establishing a correct diagnosis to make it possible to institute early intervention.

Association between hypomineralization of deciduous and molar incisor hypomineralization and dental caries.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the severity of hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM), molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and dental caries in children. 450 children between the ages of 6 and 7 years were included in this cross-sectional study. A calibrated examiner classified the enamel hypomineralizations and dental caries lesions using the MIH and HSPM and the Nyvad criteria, respectively. The primary outcome was the severity of MIH according to the severity of HSPM. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear model and ordinal logistic regression. The prevalence of concomitant MIH and HSPM was 26% sex and age adjusted. Mild enamel defects were more frequent than severe enamel defects. An association was found between the severity of MIH and HSPM, both for mild defects (OR=87.54; 95%CI: 55.87, 137.17) and severe defects (OR=82.15; 95%CI: 45.72, 147.61). The severity of hypomineralization in permanent molars was associated with the activity of dental caries lesions (OR=29.85; 95%CI: 12.95, 68.83). To conclude, there is a strong association between the severity of HSPM and MIH, which is more significant in the presence of active dental caries lesions.

Association between hypomineralization of deciduous and molar incisor hypomineralization and dental caries

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the association between the severity of hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM), molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and dental caries in children. 450 children between the ages of 6 and 7 years were included in this cross-sectional study. A calibrated examiner classified the enamel hypomineralizations and dental caries lesions using the MIH and HSPM and the Nyvad criteria, respectively. The primary outcome was the severity of MIH according to the severity of HSPM. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear model and ordinal logistic regression. The prevalence of concomitant MIH and HSPM was 26% sex and age adjusted. Mild enamel defects were more frequent than severe enamel defects. An association was found between the severity of MIH and HSPM, both for mild defects (OR=87.54; 95%CI: 55.87, 137.17) and severe defects (OR=82.15; 95%CI: 45.72, 147.61). The severity of hypomineralization in permanent molars was associated with the activity of dental caries lesions (OR=29.85; 95%CI: 12.95, 68.83). To conclude, there is a strong association between the severity of HSPM and MIH, which is more significant in the presence of active dental caries lesions.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a severidade da Hipomineralização de Segundos Molares decíduos (HSMD), da Hipomineralização de Molares e Incisivos (HMI) e cárie dentária em crianças. Neste estudo transversal foram incluídas 450 crianças entre 6 e 7 anos de idade. Um examinador calibrado classificou as hipomineralizações e lesões de cárie dentária utilizando o índice da HMI/HMD e o critério Nyvad, respectivamente. O desfecho primário foi a severidade da HMI de acordo com a severidade da HSMD. As análises estatísticas foram realizas usando o modelo linear generalizado e regressão logística ordinal. A prevalencia concomitante da HMI e HMSD foi de 26 % ajustada por sexo e idade. Defeitos leves foram mais frequentes que os defeitos severos. Foi encontrada a associação entre a severidade da HMI e da HSMD para defeitos leves (OR=87.54; IC95%: 55.87, 137.17) e severos (OR=82.15; IC95%: 45.72, 147.61). A severidade da hipomineralização em molares permamentes foi associada a atividade da lesão de cárie dentária (OR=29.85; IC95%: 12.95, 68.83). Conclui-se que existe uma forte associação entre a severidade da HSMD e da HMI, a qual foi mais significante na presença lesões ativas de cárie.

Association Between Frequency and Severity of Dental Fluorosis and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the frequency and severity of dental fluorosis (DF) and molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a fluoridated salt region. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated the buccal, occlusal/incisal, and palatal/lingual surfaces of first permanent molars and permanent incisors of 453 patients aged 13-16 years through intraoral standardized photographs. Two standardized examiners evaluated DF and MIH independently, utilizing the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index and the MIH index. The statistical analysis was performed using a generalized linear model and logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and dental caries experience. RESULTS: The MIH frequency at the surface level was lower in the presence of DF (PR= 0.03; P= 0.00, 95% CI: 0.01-0.08). At the surface level, MIH severity was lower among those presenting mild DF (aOR= 0.02; 95% IC: 0.01-0.07). Regarding severe DF, we found no significant difference in MIH severity (P= 0.174). CONCLUSION: MIH frequency and severity tend to be lower in the presence of DF.

Microabrasión e infiltración como alternativa de tratamiento para Fluorosis Dental severa: reporte de caso / Microabrasão e infiltração como tratamento alternativo para Fluorose Dentária severa: relato de caso / Microabrasion and resin infiltration for treatment of severe Dental Fluorosis: a case report

Resumen La Fluorosis Dental (FD) es un defecto del desarrollo del esmalte tipo hipomineralización atribuido a la exposición crónica y excesiva de fluoruro durante el período de amelogénesis. Clínicamente, en los casos más leves se pueden observar finas líneas blancas y opacas, mientras que en casos moderados y severos las líneas se pueden fundir y formar bandas más gruesas comprometiendo toda la superficie del diente pudiendo estar asociadas con pérdidas de estructura y cambios de color. El tratamiento de la FD puede incluir desde microabrasión, infiltración, aclaramiento y restauraciones con resina compuesta hasta carillas y coronas. El objetivo de este caso clínico fue asociar la técnica de microabrasión e infiltración como alterantiva de tratamiento estético para el manejo de la FD. Paciente de sexo femenino y 9 años que presentaba opacidades blancas en forma de bandas gruesas y pérdidas de estructura dental en los incisivos superiores permanentes (FD severa). Para el tratamiento se optó por realizar microabrasión con ácido clorhídrico, seguido de infiltración con resina de baja viscosidad, logrando un resultado estético favorable y estable a tres meses. Se concluye que la combinación de estas dos técnicas micro-invasivas es una estrategia viable y efectiva para enmascarar efectivamente opacidades producidas por la FD.

Resumo A Fluorose Dentária (FD) é um defeito de desenvolvimento do esmalte do tipo hipomineralização atribuído à exposição crônica e excessiva de fluoreto durante a amelogênese. Clinicamente, os casos leves apresentam finas linhas brancas que acompanham a formação dentária, enquanto casos moderados ou severos apresentam faixas brancas mais amplas acometendo toda a superfície e podem estar associados à perdas estruturais e pigmentações. O tratamento da FD inclui desde microabrasão, infiltração e aclaramento até restaurações com resina composta, facetas e coroas. O objetivo deste caso clínico foi associar as técnicas de microabrasão e infiltração como alternativa de tratamento estético para a abordagem da FD. Paciente do sexo feminino de 9 anos que apresentava nos incisivos superiores permanentes áreas brancas opacas e perda de estrutura (FD severa). Para o tratamento, optou-se por realizar microabrasão com ácido clorídrico, seguido de infiltração com uma resina de baixa viscosidade, atingindo um resultado estético e favorável. Conclui-se que a combinação da microabrasão e da infiltração é uma estratégia viável e efetiva para mascar efetivamente opacidades produzidas pela FD.

Abstract Dental Fluorosis (DF) is a developmental defect of the enamel type hypomineralization attributed to chronic and excessive fluoride exposure during the period of amelogenesis. Clinically, in the mildest cases fine white and opaque lines can be observed, while in moderate and severe cases the lines can melt and form thicker bands, compromising the entire tooth surface, which may be associated with loss of structure and color changes. Treatment of DF can range from microabrasion, infiltration, dental whitening, and composite resin restorations to veneers and crowns. The objective of this clinical case was to associate the microabrasion and infiltration technique as an alternative to aesthetic treatment for the management of dental fluorosis. A 9-year-old female patient presented white opacities in the form of thick bands and loss of tooth structure in the permanent upper incisors (severe dental fluorosis). For the treatment, it was decided to perform microabrasion with hydrochloric acid, followed by infiltration with low viscosity resin, achieving a favorable and stable aesthetic result after three months. It is concluded that the combination of these two micro-invasive techniques is a viable and effective strategy to effectively mask opacities produced by DF.

Survival of stainless-steel crowns and composite resin restorations in molars affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH).

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no consensus on the superiority of any material for the restorative treatment of molars affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). AIM: To evaluate the survival of restorations with stainless-steel crown (SSC) or composite resin (CR) in first permanent molars affected by MIH for 24 months. DESIGN: In this retrospective cohort study, 61 CR and 54 SSC restorations placed on molars affected by MIH of patients, aged between 7 and 10, that were treated and overseen at a university dental clinic in the period of 2017-2020 were evaluated. The primary outcome was the failure-free survival time. Parametric survival models were used for data censored by interval, and the comparison between SSC and CR was performed using the hazard ratio function with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The survival of SSC and CR restorations after 24 months was 94.4% and 49.2%, respectively. This difference was influenced by the presence of previous restoration (aHR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2-9.4) and cusp involvement (aHR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.5-11.2). CONCLUSION: In molars with MIH and the need for restorative treatment, SSC had a significantly higher survival rate than CR over 24 months.

Does molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affect only permanent first molars and incisors? New observations on permanent second molars.

BACKGROUND: The second permanent molar plays an important role when considering extraction of first permanent molars severely affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). AIM: To assess the association between MIH and enamel hypomineralization of the second permanent molars in terms of presence and severity. DESIGN: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, permanent teeth were evaluated in 453 patients between the ages of 13 and 16 at a dental clinic, using intraoral photographs. A calibrated examiner classified enamel hypomineralization using the MIH index and dental caries experience using the DMFT and DMFS indices. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear generalized model and ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: The most commonly affected teeth by enamel hypomineralization were permanent molars, whereas incisors, premolars, and canines were less affected. The presence of severe defects in the first permanent molars was associated with mild defects in the second permanent molars (OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 2.50-7.77). Enamel hypomineralization was associated with increased caries experience (PR = 5.54; 95% CI: 3.81-9.06). CONCLUSION: Enamel hypomineralization mainly affects the first and second permanent molars. Mild defects in the second permanent molars tend to be more frequent in patients with severe MIH in the first permanent molars. The presence of enamel hypomineralization was associated with higher dental caries experience.

Consideraciones diagnósticas para la exodoncia de primeros molares permanentes severamente afectados por la Hipomineralización de Molares e Incisivos / Considerações diagnósticas para a exodontia de primeiros molares permanentes severamente afetados pela Hipomineralização de Molares e Incisivos / Diagnostic considerations for extraction of first permanent molars severely affected by Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization

Resumen La Hipomineralización de Molares e Incisivos (HMI) es un defecto de desarrollo del esmalte de origen multifactorial que afecta de uno a cuatro primeros molares permanentes y frecuentemente está asociada con incisivos permanentes. Clínicamente se caracteriza por presentar opacidades demarcadas de color blanco-crema y/o amarillo-café. En casos severos puede haber dolor, fracturas posteruptivas, lesiones de caries dental y/o restauraciones atípicas. Entre las opciones de tratamiento se encuentran restauraciones temporales con cemento de ionómero de vidrio, restauraciones en resina compuesta, coronas, restauraciones indirectas y exodoncia. El objetivo de este caso es analizar las consideraciones diagnósticas de la exodoncia de primeros molares permanentes severamente afectados por la HMI. Paciente de sexo femenino, 9 años de edad, patrón esquelético Clase I, maloclusión Clase I bilateral e HMI severa. Para el tratamiento se optó por realizar la exodoncia de los cuatro primeros molares permanentes bajo anestesia general. Luego de 10 meses, se observa que los segundos molares permanentes están clínicamente sanos y presentan inclinaciones y posiciones favorables para el cierre espontáneo del espacio. Se concluye que la exodoncia de primeros molares permanentes severamente afectados por la HMI es una estrategia que mejora el pronóstico del paciente y para realizarla, se requiere trabajar en conjunto con el ortodoncista para diagnosticar y planear individualmente cada caso.

Resumo A Hipomineralização de Molares e Incisivos (HMI) é um defeito de desenvolvimento do esmalte, de origem multifatorial que afecta de um a quatro primeiros molares permanentes e frequentemente está associada aos incisivos permanentes. Clinicamente se caracteriza como opacidades demarcadas de coloração branco-creme e/ou amarelo-café. Em casos severos pode haver dor, fraturas pós-irruptivas, lesões de cárie dentária e restaurações atípicas. Dentre as opções de tratamento estão as restaurações temporárias com cimento de ionômero de vidro, restaurações em resina composta, coroas, restaurações indiretas e a exodontia. Esta última opção permite que o segundo molar permanente se reposicione espontaneamente desde que realizada a tempo, portanto, é considerada uma alternativa viável e custo-efetiva. O objetivo deste caso foi analisar as considerações diagnósticas de exodontia de primeiros molares permanentes severamente afetados pela HMI. Paciente do sexo feminino, 9 anos de idade, padrão esquelético Classe I, maloclusão Classe I bilateral e HMI severa. Para o tratamento, optou-se por realizar a exodontia dos quatro primeiros molares permanentes sob anestesia geral. Após 10 meses, se observa que os segundos molares permanentes estão clinicamente saudáveis e apresentam inclinações e posicionamentos favoráveis para o fechamento espontâneo do espaço. Conclui-se que a exodontia de primeiros molares permanentes melhora o prognóstico do paciente e para realizá-la requer um trabalho em conjunto com o ortodontista para diagnosticas e planejar individualmente cada caso.

Abstract Molar and Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is an enamel development defect of multifactorial origin that affects one-to-four permanent first molars and is frequently associated with permanent incisors. Clinically it is characterized by demarcated white-cream and/ or yellow-brown opacities. In severe cases, there may be tooth pain, posteruptive fractures, dental caries lesions, and/ or atypical restorations. Treatment options include temporary restorations with glass ionomer cement, restorations with composite resin, crowns, indirect restorations, and tooth extraction. When extractions are performed at the right time, it allows the spontaneous replacement of the second permanent molar, therefore, it is considered a viable and cost/effective treatment. The objective of this case report is to analyze the diagnostic considerations for the extraction of first permanent molars severely affected by MIH. Female patient, 9 years old, Class I skeletal pattern, Class I malocclusion, and severe MIH. For the treatment, it was decided to perform the extraction of the first four permanent molars under general anesthesia. After 10 months, it is observed that the second permanent molars are clinically healthy and have favorable inclinations and positions for spontaneous closure of the space. It is concluded that the extraction of first permanent molars severely affected by MIH is a strategy that improves the patient's prognosis and to carry out, it is necessary to work together with the orthodontist to diagnose and plan each case individually.

Impact of the undergraduate clinical teaching-learning process on caries detection and treatment decision-making

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate caries diagnosis and treatment decisions made by undergraduate dental students based on ICDAS or Nyvad criteria. Methods: Twelve students analyzed 90 digital photographs of permanent teeth at different clinical stages of carious lesion development and chose among different treatments in three different assessments: when there was no knowledge of the criteria (described as "No knowledge (N)"; when there was theoretical knowledge of the criteria (described as "Theoretical knowledge (T)" and when there was theoretical knowledge, clinical experience about dental caries and the criteria (described as "Theoretical and clinical knowledge (TC)". For "T" and "TC" the students were randomized into two experimental groups ­ ICDAS or Nyvad (experimental units: 6 students/group). The reference standard was established cooperatively by two experienced researchers. Criteria performance was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and Kappa statistics. Treatment decision was described in percentage by contingency tables and Spearman's correlation with the reference standard. Results: The first assessment demonstrated a high percentage of operative treatment even for initial enamel lesions based on ICDAS criteria and treatment was proposed for both active and inactive lesions, according to the Nyvad criteria. In the second assessment, the students continued recommending treatments for initial or inactive lesions, but less frequently. In the third assessment, treatment decisions presented greater cohesion in relation to the assigned classification criterion. The criteria presented no differences between them in terms of diagnostic in the third assessment. Conclusion: Clinical experience may improve caries detection and treatment decisions with the use of ICDAS and Nyvad criteria

Dental fluorosis severity in children 8-12 years old and associated factors.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of dental fluorosis (DF) and the association between severity and risk factors. In a cross-sectional study, 8- to 12-year-old children, born in a Colombian district, were evaluated according to the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) by two calibrated examiners. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and dental caries (DC) were also evaluated. Ordinal logistic regression was applied (p<0.05). Risk factors and lifestyle factors were collected using a questionnaire answered by parents. DF was detected in 76 (98.7%) of the children (average of 18.4 ±1.81 permanent teeth affected). Grade TF2 was the most frequently observed (34.8%); TF5 was observed in all age groups; TF6- TF7 were observed in 12-year-olds. No association was found between DF severity and DC (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.35; 95%CI: 0.56-3.26) or MIH (OR=1.39; 95%CI: 0.43-4.46). DF severity was significantly associated with use of an indoor wood stove for food preparation (OR = 9.34; 95%CI: 1.11-78.57) and use of a pea-sized volume of toothpaste (OR = 27.42; 95%CI: 1.57-477.36). Prevalence of DC was 38.1% and prevalence of MIH was 14.4%. In this population, the frequency of DF was high and severity was associated with use of an indoor wood stove for food preparation and toothpaste amount used during childhood.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de la Fluorosis Dental (FD) y la asociación de la severidad con factores de riesgo. Mediante un estudio transversal, niños (8-12 años-de-edad), nacidos en Ayapel (El Cedro-Colombia) fueron evaluados por 2 examinadores calibrados, según los criterios del índice de Thylstrup y Fejerskov (TFI) para FD. También se evaluaron la Hipomineralización molar-incisiva (HMI) y la caries dental (CD). Se aplicó un cuestionario de factores de riesgo y estilo de vida, a los padres/responsables de los niños. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística ordinal (p<0.05). Se encontró FD en 76 (98.7%) niños (con una media de dientes permanentes afectados de 18.4 ±1.81). La severidad categoría TF2 fue la más observada (34.8%) en los dientes evaluados. Las lesiones que presentan pérdida estructural moderada TF 6-7, fueron evidenciadas en el grupo de edad de 12 años. No se encontró asociación entre la severidad y la CD (OR=1.35; IC95%:0.56-3.26) o con HIM (OR=1.39; IC95%:0.43-4.46). Se encontró una asociación significativa con la severidad de la FD en los niños que utilizaban fogón de leña-interno para la preparación de los alimentos (OR=9.34; IC95%:1.11-78.57) y utilizaban un volumen de crema dental del tamaño de una alverja- pequeña (OR=27.42; IC95%:1.57-477.36). la prevalencia de CD fue 38.1% y de HMI fue 14.4%. La frecuencia de la FD fue alta y la severidad mostró correlación con la utilización de fogón de leña interno para la preparación de los alimentos y la cantidad de crema-dental utilizada.

Clinical changes in the severity of dental fluorosis: a longitudinal evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Dental fluorosis (DF) has been one of the most prevalent pediatric dental conditions associated with aesthetic concern and treatment needs. This study aimed to identify the longitudinal clinical change in the severity of DF in 8-12-year-old children and its association with gender, age, severity, and tooth type. METHODS: This observational study assessed the dental aspects of the 92 Colombian children in 2015 (mean age at beginning 9.71 years ± 1.23) and 2018 (mean age 13.69 years ± 1.41), from an area with high DF prevalence. DF was recorded in all permanent teeth by two calibrated examiners using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI). DF severity change (maximum-TFI-score) was analyzed with descriptive analysis at the tooth level. Associated factors were evaluated with the generalized linear model, binomial family, and logarithmic link function. RESULTS: TFI scores ranged between 1 (very mild) to 6 (severe), being score 2 (41.7%) the most prevalent. After three years, 29.6% of the teeth presented score reduction, 24.1%, increased and 46.3% did not change; the significant association was related to increasing of the basal TFI = 1 score (44.2%) (RR = 9.7; 95% CI 1.7-56.5; p = 0.01) and with canines, premolars and second-permanent-molars teeth group (RR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.9-5.6; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The present study based on clinical features about DF confirms the dynamic post-eruptive nature of this condition. After three years of follow-up, a considerable proportion of the teeth changed to a higher score. Furthermore, the canines, premolars, and second-permanent-molars showed a higher incidence of an increase in severity of TFI score.

In Vitro and In Silico Anti-Arboviral Activities of Dihalogenated Phenolic Derivates of L-Tyrosine.

Despite the serious public health problem represented by the diseases caused by dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, there are still no specific licensed antivirals available for their treatment. Here, we examined the potential anti-arbovirus activity of ten di-halogenated compounds derived from L-tyrosine with modifications in amine and carboxyl groups. The activity of compounds on VERO cell line infection and the possible mechanism of action of the most promising compounds were evaluated. Finally, molecular docking between the compounds and viral and cellular proteins was evaluated in silico with Autodock Vina®, and the molecular dynamic with Gromacs®. Only two compounds (TDC-2M-ME and TDB-2M-ME) inhibited both ZIKV and CHIKV. Within the possible mechanism, in CHIKV, the two compounds decreased the number of genome copies and in the pre-treatment strategy the infectious viral particles. In the ZIKV model, only TDB-2M-ME inhibited the viral protein and demonstrate a virucidal effect. Moreover, in the U937 cell line infected with CHIKV, both compounds inhibited the viral protein and TDB-2M-ME inhibited the viral genome too. Finally, the in silico results showed a favorable binding energy between the compounds and the helicases of both viral models, the NSP3 of CHIKV and cellular proteins DDC and ß2 adrenoreceptor.

Cese en el desarrollo radicular. Secuelas orales del Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson: Reporte de un caso / Cesse no desenvolvimento radicular. Sequelas orais da síndrome de Stevens-Johnson: relato de caso / Cease in root development. Oral sequelae of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A case report

Resumen El Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) y la Necrólisis Epidérmica Tóxica (NET) son enfermedades que se encuentran dentro del espectro de las reacciones adversas cutáneas severas. Estas enfermedades comprometen cavidad oral entre el 25% y 50% de los casos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 10 años de edad que sufrió unataque agudo de SSJ a la edad de 6 años. Con implicación de la cavidad oral debido a las secuelas que presenta mucosa oral, raíces cortas y poco desarrolladas en todos los órganos dentario sin otra causa atribuible en su historial médico, diferente al SSJ. La edad a la que se presentó la enfermedad y el estadio de desarrollo dental señalan como causa probable el ataque agudo de SSJ, lo que permite concluir que durante su curso ocurrió un daño en la vaina epitelial de Hertwig, provocando apoptosis y, en consecuencia, un cese en el desarrollo radicular.

Abstract Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are diseases that are within the spectrum of severe cutaneous adverse reactions. These diseases compromise the oral cavity in 25% to 50% of the cases. We present a case of a 10-year-old patient who suffered an acute attack of SJS at the age of 6 years. In the oral cavity, he presented sequelae in the oral mucosa, delayed root developed in all teeth, with no other cause attributable in its medical history, different to the SJS. The age at which the disease occurred and the stage of dental development point to that the acute SJS as a probable cause, which allows us to conclude that damage occurred in the Hertwig epithelial sheath during its course, causing apoptosis and, consequently, a cessation in root development.

Resumo A síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SJS) e a Necrólise Epidérmica Tóxica (NET) são doenças que estão dentro do espectro de reações adversas cutâneas graves. Essas doenças comprometem a cavidade oral em 25% a 50% dos casos. É apresentado um caso de um paciente de 10 anos de idade que sofreu um ataque agudo de SJS aos 6 anos de idade. Na cavidade oral, apresentava sequelas na mucosa oral, raízes curtas e pouco desenvolvidas em todos os dentes, sem outra causa atribuível no seu histórico médico, diferente da SJS. A idade em que a doença ocorreu e o estágio do desenvolvimento dentário apontam o ataque agudo da SJS como causa provável, o que permite concluir que o dano ocorreu na bainha epitelial de Hertwig durante o seu curso, causando apoptose e, consequentemente, cesse no desenvolvimento radicular.

Modified Hall technique for severely hypomineralized molars. Report of cases / Técnica de Hall modificada para molares severamente hipomineralizados. Reporte de casos / Técnica de Hall modificada para molares severamente hipomineralizados. Relato de caso

Abstract This article reviews the indications, objectives and step by step process of the Modified Hall Technique in the management of primary and permanent molars affected by severe enamel hypomineralization. Scientific based biological principles are discussed in order to provide relevant clinical information for Pediatric and General dentists in order to provide support for the safe use the technique in clinical practice.

Resumen En este artículo se revisan las indicaciones, objetivos y proceso paso a paso de la Técnica de Hall Modificada en el manejo de molares primarios y permanentes afectados por hipomineralización severa del esmalte. Los principios biológicos basados en la evidencia se discuten con el fin de proporcionar información clínica relevante para los odontólogos pediátricos y generales con el fin de proporcionar apoyo para el uso seguro de la técnica en la práctica clínica.

Resumo Neste artigo foram revisadas as indicações, objetivos e o passo a passo da Técnica de Hall Modificada para o manejo de molares decíduos e permanentes afetados pela hipomineralização severa do esmalte. Os princípios biológicos baseados na evidência são discutidos com o objetivo de proporcionar informações clínicas relevantes para odontopediatras e clínicos gerais, a fim de lhes fornecer apoio para o uso seguro da técnica na prática clínica.